Background: Pregnancy in pulmonary hypertensive female patients is strongly contraindicated because of the high mortality rate according to physiological changes, especially in peri- and postpartum periods, and in case of occurrence, termination at an early stage is recommended. Therefore, our experience with continued pregnancies in patients with pulmonary hypertension are scarce.

Case presentation: This case report presents a young woman diagnosed with multiple bilateral pulmonary hydatid cysts and right ventricular hydatid cyst, who underwent surgical and pharmacologic treatments, but developed pulmonary hypertension due to pulmonary artery obstruction eight years after. According to the unsuitable condition of the patient for surgery, she was a candidate for medical therapy, including Tadalafil, Bosentan, and Eplerenone. After 3 years, despite the advice to avoid pregnancy, the patient got pregnant and at 37 weeks underwent a successful emergent cesarean section due to maternal dyspnea and tachycardia.

Conclusions: We believe that prompt treatment and regular follow-ups in a tertiary care center with a multidisciplinary approach would be crucial in the management of pulmonary hypertensive patients who get pregnant.

Infective endocarditis (IE) is an under-recognized cause of fever that is often missed in preliminary evaluation. This may stem from a lack of vigilance towards IE and using empirical antibiotic therapy to treat fever. As a result, patients often present with complications of IE that warrant surgical intervention. We hereby discuss a case of IE that remained undiagnosed for 2 years, receiving short courses of oral antibiotic therapy for recurrent fever, ultimately developing heart failure due to valve perforation.

Gallbladder and biliary tract diseases may manifest as cardiac symptoms, ischemic ECG changes, and arrhythmias. Although rare, bradyarrhythmia cases induced by cardiobiliary reflex have been linked to acute cholecystitis. This case emphasizes the cardiobiliary reflex as a possible cause of bradyarrhythmia in patients with gallbladder and biliary tract diseases . 

Background: In-stent restenosis (ISR) following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is an unwanted complication in some patients. The etiology is multifactorial, and identifying these factors may help improve long-term outcomes after PCI.

Case summary: We hereby describe two cases of recurrent ISR; case 1 describes the techniques of PCI used over 17 years to manage recurrent ISR of Left Main bifurcation disease, while case 2 highlights the role of coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as a treatment modality for recurrent ISR of the right coronary artery.

Discussion: Management of post-PCI recurrent ISR has witnessed multiple advancements over the past decade. Newer technologies like intravascular imaging, plaque or calcium modification techniques, and drug-eluting balloons enable effective management of recurrent ISR.  This article describes possible risk factors for recurrent ISR and discusses various treatment strategies for its management.

Background: A sinus venous atrial septal defect (SVASD) is a type of congenital heart defect that predominantly involves an opening between the Superior Vena Cava (SVC) and the Right Upper Pulmonary Vein (RUPV). Surgical closure of SVASD has been the standard treatment; however, the surgical closure of SVASD is far more complex than mere ASD secundum reconstruction, and complications are more likely. Transcatheter closure of SVASD is an emerging alternative for surgical repair.

Methods: We report five cases of successful transcatheter closure of SVASD and one case of failure that required surgical intervention. All patients underwent pre-procedure Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA) to determine the size and location of the defect and the optimal stent size and position. The SVC stenting was performed using balloon-expandable stents, followed by RUPV angioplasty if needed.

Results:  Final angiograms and pressure measurements in the SVC, RUPV, and Right Atrium (RA) confirmed the absence of residual shunt and pulmonary venous obstruction. One patient experienced stent migration to the pulmonary artery, which necessitated surgical retrieval and defect closure.

Conclusion: The balloon expansion test is not mandatory before stent implantation, as in the case of RUPV obstruction, its flow could be reestablished by ballooning and/or stent implantation within the RUPV with a mild residual shunt which might resolve spontaneously.

C syndrome is a rare heterogeneous malformation syndrome involving multiple organs. Coexistence of tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) and Agenesis of Corpus Callosum (ACC) rarely been reported in C syndrome patients, previously. Agenesis of corpus callosum is a rare disorder that is present at birth and is characterized by a partial or complete absence of the corpus callosum. Patients with this disorder usually present with microcephaly and a wide range of callosal anomalies from thinning to complete agenesis. It has been thought to be a very rare condition, its diagnosis may be incidental but the increased use of neuro-imaging techniques, such as MRI, is resulting in an increased rate of diagnosis. This condition may also be identified during pregnancy through an ultrasound. In this article, we report a 1-year-old infant with tetralogy of Fallot  was diagnosed in fetal period and neurodevelopmental delay who was diagnosed with agenesis of corpus callosum after birth, underwent surgical TOF correction and receives maintenance neurologic treatments. The importance of this case is the accompanying neurological disorders with congenital heart diseases, especially TOF. At the time of diagnosis of TOF in fetal echocardiography, if corpus callosum agenesis is detected , parents have the possibility to decide on abortion. Although the patient’s heart disease is completely corrected, the patient’s developmental disorder can not be corrected.

I read with great interest the recent article by Taskin Yilmaz et al. (Vol. 20, No. 2, 2025) examining the association between health literacy and treatment adherence among elderly patients with hypertension. The authors’ findings—particularly the significant relationship between both functional and communicative health literacy scores and improved blood pressure control—provide valuable evidence for refining patient-centered educational strategies.

I would like to highlight two practical points and offer one suggestion for future research. First, the authors reported that media exposure and active search for health information were linked to better blood pressure control. This observation suggests that community-based educational modules—such as short instructional videos tailored for older adults and family-centered counseling sessions—could be implemented and evaluated as adjuncts to routine care. Second, given the cross-sectional design of the study, causal inference remains limited. Potential confounders such as cognitive status and social support may also influence both literacy and adherence. Incorporating brief cognitive screening tools (e.g., Mini-Cog) and validated social-support scales in future studies would help clarify whether health literacy acts as an independent mediating factor.

Finally, I recommend evaluating a structured low-literacy educational package delivered during hospitalization and reinforced through nurse-led telephone follow-up. This model is practical, scalable, and allows measurable outcomes in blood pressure control within three months, potentially improving quality of life while reducing the burden on healthcare systems.